from this sourceDark matter, an enigmatic substance that makes up a significant portion of the universe's mass, continues to intrigue and challenge scientists worldwide. Although invisible and elusive, its gravitational effects provide evidence for its existence. In recent years, researchers have made substantial progress in unraveling the mysteries surrounding dark matter, both through observational discoveries and theoretical advancements. This article delves into the latest breakthroughs and insights that shed light on the nature and properties of dark matter. from this source from this sourceDark Matter: An Overview and Its Role in the Universe: from this sourceDark matter is a form of matter that does not interact with light or other electromagnetic radiation, making it difficult to detect directly. Despite its invisible nature, dark matter's gravitational effects play a crucial role in the formation of galaxies, the large-scale structure of the universe, and the observed rotational velocities of galaxies and galaxy clusters. Understanding dark matter is essential for comprehending the fundamental workings of the cosmos. from this source from this sourceObservational Discoveries and Detection Efforts: from this sourceScientists employ a variety of techniques to indirectly observe dark matter. Some of the recent observational discoveries and detection efforts include: from this source from this sourcea. Galactic Rotation Curves: Observations of galactic rotation curves provide evidence for the presence of dark matter. These curves depict the velocities of stars and gas within galaxies, indicating the presence of additional mass that cannot be accounted for by visible matter alone. from this source b. Gravitational Lensing: Dark matter's gravitational effects can bend and distort light, a phenomenon known as gravitational lensing. By studying the lensing effects on background galaxies, researchers can map the distribution of dark matter within galaxy clusters and gain insights into its properties. c. Direct and Indirect Detection Experiments: Scientists are conducting experiments to directly detect dark matter particles. These experiments involve ultra-sensitive detectors located deep underground to shield from cosmic rays. Additionally, efforts to indirectly detect dark matter particles are ongoing through the observation of high-energy cosmic rays and the search for particle decay or annihilation signatures. Theoretical Advances and Models: Numerous theoretical models have been proposed to explain the nature of dark matter. Some recent advancements and theories include: a. WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particle): The most commonly studied dark matter candidate is the WIMP, which interacts weakly with ordinary matter. Experiments, such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), aim to discover these particles through high-energy collisions. b. Axions: Axions are hypothetical particles that arise from extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics. They are considered potential dark matter candidates due to their low mass and weak interactions. c. Self-Interacting Dark Matter: Recent theoretical studies suggest that dark matter particles could interact with each other through a new force, known as a "dark force." This self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) could explain certain discrepancies between simulations and observations of galaxy clusters. Open Questions and Future Directions: Despite the progress made, several questions surrounding dark matter remain unanswered. Scientists continue to explore new avenues and approaches to shed light on these mysteries. Some future directions include: a. Next-Generation Detectors: Ongoing advancements in detector technologies aim to improve sensitivity and expand the search for dark matter particles. Larger and more sophisticated experiments are being developed to increase the chances of detection. b. High-Energy Colliders: Experiments conducted at high-energy colliders, such as the LHC, seek to produce and study particles that may be associated with dark matter, providing insights into its properties and interactions. c. Theoretical Frameworks: Further development and refinement of theoretical models are crucial to narrow down the possibilities and guide experimental efforts. Continued collaboration between theorists and experimentalists is essential for progress

District Cooperative Union Ltd.

Bijuli Bazaar-10, Kathmandu, Nepal, Phone no. : 01-4783151

dcul.ktm@gmail.com

Registration no. : 457/056

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The district cooperative Union ltd. kathmandu (DCUL) is the umbrella union of cooperatives of all types and levels in kathmandu. DCUL was Registered in the then Division Cooperative Office, Kathmandu on November 3, 2056 BS.

Chairman Message

NAMASTE & WELCOME TO

Chairman Message

The District Co-operative Union Ltd.Kathmandu (DCUL), since its establishment in 2056, has been committed to helping the cooperative sector values, norms and principles and state law,  next its economic aspirations.As, the cooperative sector has been playing distinct and significant role in the process of socio-economic development of the country, DCUL is committed to maintain the highest standards of cooperatives values, norms and principales and state law, the associations itself carries out  financial and non-financial activities to its members services based on sustainable growth and development providing timely,quick and best  services to its members from all segments with the help of modern technology and dedicated human resource. We also aim at adopting best responsibility towards all the members. We see ourselves as a family of honest, loyal and committed professionals, and human touch to achieve high degree member's satisfaction and good will. The prosperity of our members is the ultimate aim to our success.

DCUL is the member of national Cooperative federation nepal (NCF),   Bagmati province  Union (BPU) 

I take this opportunity to thank all the member cooperative for the confidence, positive response towards us and in supporting us to achieve greater heights in our performance. Therefore, I express my sincere gratitude on behalf of DCUL, the members of board and on my own behalf towards members  and all the concerned agencies for their significant contributions.

Thank you !

Gyan Bahadur Tamang 
Chairman
District Co-operative Union Ltd.Kathmandu