from this sourceDark matter, an enigmatic substance that makes up a significant portion of the universe's mass, continues to intrigue and challenge scientists worldwide. Although invisible and elusive, its gravitational effects provide evidence for its existence. In recent years, researchers have made substantial progress in unraveling the mysteries surrounding dark matter, both through observational discoveries and theoretical advancements. This article delves into the latest breakthroughs and insights that shed light on the nature and properties of dark matter.
from this sourcefrom this sourceDark Matter: An Overview and Its Role in the Universe:
from this sourceDark matter is a form of matter that does not interact with light or other electromagnetic radiation, making it difficult to detect directly. Despite its invisible nature, dark matter's gravitational effects play a crucial role in the formation of galaxies, the large-scale structure of the universe, and the observed rotational velocities of galaxies and galaxy clusters. Understanding dark matter is essential for comprehending the fundamental workings of the cosmos.
from this sourcefrom this sourceObservational Discoveries and Detection Efforts:
from this sourceScientists employ a variety of techniques to indirectly observe dark matter. Some of the recent observational discoveries and detection efforts include:
from this sourcefrom this sourcea. Galactic Rotation Curves: Observations of galactic rotation curves provide evidence for the presence of dark matter. These curves depict the velocities of stars and gas within galaxies, indicating the presence of additional mass that cannot be accounted for by visible matter alone.
from this source
b. Gravitational Lensing: Dark matter's gravitational effects can bend and distort light, a phenomenon known as gravitational lensing. By studying the lensing effects on background galaxies, researchers can map the distribution of dark matter within galaxy clusters and gain insights into its properties.
c. Direct and Indirect Detection Experiments: Scientists are conducting experiments to directly detect dark matter particles. These experiments involve ultra-sensitive detectors located deep underground to shield from cosmic rays. Additionally, efforts to indirectly detect dark matter particles are ongoing through the observation of high-energy cosmic rays and the search for particle decay or annihilation signatures.
Theoretical Advances and Models:
Numerous theoretical models have been proposed to explain the nature of dark matter. Some recent advancements and theories include:
a. WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particle): The most commonly studied dark matter candidate is the WIMP, which interacts weakly with ordinary matter. Experiments, such as the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), aim to discover these particles through high-energy collisions.
b. Axions: Axions are hypothetical particles that arise from extensions of the Standard Model of particle physics. They are considered potential dark matter candidates due to their low mass and weak interactions.
c. Self-Interacting Dark Matter: Recent theoretical studies suggest that dark matter particles could interact with each other through a new force, known as a "dark force." This self-interacting dark matter (SIDM) could explain certain discrepancies between simulations and observations of galaxy clusters.
Open Questions and Future Directions:
Despite the progress made, several questions surrounding dark matter remain unanswered. Scientists continue to explore new avenues and approaches to shed light on these mysteries. Some future directions include:
a. Next-Generation Detectors: Ongoing advancements in detector technologies aim to improve sensitivity and expand the search for dark matter particles. Larger and more sophisticated experiments are being developed to increase the chances of detection.
b. High-Energy Colliders: Experiments conducted at high-energy colliders, such as the LHC, seek to produce and study particles that may be associated with dark matter, providing insights into its properties and interactions.
c. Theoretical Frameworks: Further development and refinement of theoretical models are crucial to narrow down the possibilities and guide experimental efforts. Continued collaboration between theorists and experimentalists is essential for progress
Government of Nepal converted MOAC into Ministry of Agriculture, Land Management and Cooperatives in course of restructuring the federal ministries. Department of Cooperatives handed over the records along with the assets of the Division Cooperative Offices to the local Government in course of restructuring the state based on the constitution.
Second National Cooperative Congress was organized from April 4-5, 2018 in the joint collaboration with the Government of Nepal, Ministry of Cooperatives and Poverty Alleviation, National Cooperative Federation of Nepal.
2017
Cooperative Act 2048 was replaced by Cooperative Act 2074. Om Devi Malla, Vice Chairman of NCF was elected as Global board member of ICA, the global body Cooperatives.
2016
Hon'ble Chairman of NCF/N Keshav Prasad Badal elected as Board Member of ICA/AP.
International Coop Alliance has granted membership to the Multipurpose Central Cooperative Union Ltd. Nepal (NEMCCU).
2015
The government of Nepal announced "Member from each household" policy through its annual plans and programs.
Second Amendment of Cooperative Act 1992 through Ordinance.
18th SAARC summit held in Kathmandu recognized the potential of cooperatives in achieving inclusive, broad-based and sustainable economic growth and development, and called for sharing of experiences, expertise and best practices in this sector.
2014
Cooperative expert of India Dr. Daman Prakash was felicitated in the National Cooperative Congress for his invaluable contribution for the promotion of cooperatives.
First National Cooperative Congress was organized from March 25 to 27, 2014 in the joint collaboration with the Government of Nepal, Ministry of Cooperatives and Poverty Alleviation, National Cooperative Federation of Nepal, National Cooperative Development Board and Department of Cooperatives.
2013
National Cooperative Federation of Nepal (NCF/N) felicitated Dr. Chandra Pal Singh, President, National Cooperative Union of India for his invaluable contribution towards the promotion and development of cooperative movement in the region.
Government of Nepal pronounced the National Cooperative Policy 2069.
2012
Network for the Development of Agriculture Cooperatives in Asia & the Pacific granted membership to Nepal Central Agricultural Cooperative Union Ltd and National Cooperative Bank Ltd.
International Cooperative Alliance granted the associated and full membership to National Cooperative Development Board and Nepal Central Agricultural Cooperative Union Ltd respectively.
Establishment of the Central Multipurpose Cooperative Unions Ltd. and Central Seed Production Cooperative Union Ltd.
Government of Nepal issued postal ticket imprinting logo and slogan of the IYC and Nepal Rastra Bank minted a coin worth Rs. 50 and Rs.100 with logo and slogan of the IYC on the occasion International Year of cooperatives 2012.
Government of Nepal established the Ministry for Cooperatives and Poverty Alleviation.
National Cooperative Federation of Nepal formed a Central Committee to design programs and observe the International Year of Cooperatives, 2012.
NEFSCUN organized the 1st SACCOS Summit on the occasion of international year of cooperatives 2012.
Inauguration of International Year of Cooperatives, 2012 with special function in the open theatre in Kathmandu followed by the thousands of activities organized by different cooperatives during the whole year 2012.
Registrar of the Department of Cooperatives elected as Vice-President of Asian Credit Unions Regulators Association and working as Acting President of it.
Nepal Federation of Central Cooperative Union (NEFSCUN) elected as the Vice-President of Asian Confederation Credit Unions.
National Cooperative Federation unanimously elected as the Vice-President in the AGM of Network for the Development of Agriculture Cooperatives in Asia (NEDAC) that was held in Philippines.
2011
Nepal government decided to observe International Cooperative Year, 2012 as announced by UN, formed of 51 members National Committee on Chairmanship of Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives and latter as it was converted into Ministry of cooperatives and Poverty Alleviation, Central Implementation Committee on Chairmanship of Secretary of Cooperative Ministry, and 31 members District Committees on Chairmanship of District Development Committee Chairperson. National Committees rectified the annual programs to celebrate International Year of Cooperatives, 2012.
Formation of Central Communication Cooperative Union, Nepal Health Central Cooperative Union, and Nepal Central Herbal Cooperative Union.
The taskforce formed on the convenorship of the vice-president of National Planning Commission put forward the suggestions about legal, policy level and structural reformation of cooperative sector.
The high level task force constituted by the Government of Nepal under the chairmanship of National Planning Commission (NPC) Vice-chairman decided to submit the 32 points recommendation to the government of Nepal.
Completed the Regional and National Workshop on Cooperative Strategic Planning.
Establishment of Central Tea Cooperative Union
2010
UN proclaimed 2012 International Year of Cooperatives.
Formation of Cooperative Cooperation Network.
Establishment of Central Sugarcane Cooperative Union.
2009
Government of Nepal announced the policy "GAUN GAUNMA SAHAKARI, GHAR GAHRMA BHAKARI."
2008
National conference on cooperative policy organized by NCF/N.
2007
Recognition of cooperative as basic pillar of socio-economic development as equal footing those of private and government sector.
Completion of Cooperative Golden Jubilee 2006/07 with four special cooperative publications.
2006
Beginning of Cooperative Golden Jubilee 2006/7 throughout the country for full year.
Election of Nepal as Vice-chairman of Housing Cooperative Foundation.
Establishment of Central Fruits and Vegetables producers Cooperative Union.
Establishment of Central Coffee Producers Cooperative Union
Election of Nepal as Standing Committee Member of ICA/AP.
Change of Agriculture Policy Unit into Agriculture and Cooperative Policy Unit in MOAC for coordination and establishing contact about cooperative policy-making.
2005
Grant of the sum Rs. 1. Million by Government of Nepal to NCF as a token for NCDF
Establishment of Regional Level Cooperative Training Office combining with Division Cooperative Office in Kailali, Surkhet, Kaski and Chitawan.
Change of name of District Cooperative Office into Division Cooperative Office.
Change of name of CTC into Central Cooperative Training Centre.
Change of Name of MOAC.
Completion of Second National Women Cooperative Congress held at Kathmandu.
2004
Government of Nepal announced the policy of GOAN-GOANMA SAHAKARI GHAR GHAR GHAR MA ROJGARI through it's budget of the current fiscal year 2061-62
Ministry of Finance constituted to study the legal frame work and institutional development of the savings and credit cooperative society and National Cooperative Bank under the conveniorship of then Member of Ghanashaym Khatiwada submitted it's report to the Ministry of Finance.
Nepal Government constituted a high level cooperative sector improvement consultative committee under convenorship of the Minister of Agriculture and Cooperatives submitted its report to the Government of Nepal.
National Cooperative Federation of Nepal established "National Cooperative Development Fund, NCDF
2003
Seventh General Assembly of Network for Development of Agricultural Cooperatives' (NEDAC) was held in Nepal from 29th Oct. to 1st Nov.. In which Nepal was elected as Co-Chairman for two years.
Establishment of National Cooperative Bank Ltd.
2002
Nepal elected for the member of ICA ROAP Standing Committee.
The Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives has issued a circular, saying that there is no restriction for the eligibility of 'civil servant' as shareholder of cooperative although the Sec. 14 of the Anti-corruption Act refers to civil servant not eligible to become the shareholder of cooperatives.
Cooperative Ministers' Conference hosted by Nepal organized by International Cooperative Alliance, Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, New Delhi in collaboration with National Cooperative Federation of Nepal.
2001
Republication of "Sahakari Sandesh " weekly.
Announcement of observance of International Cooperative Day by the Government.
2000
The first amendment in the Section 26 of the Cooperative Act, 1992.
Formation of the National Cooperative Development Advisory Working Team and submission of report.
Establishment of the National Cooperative Award by NCF.
Conversion of Ministry of Agriculture into the Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives.
Nepal (NCF/N) was elected for the post of Chairman of the Agriculture Committee for ICA, Asia and the Pacific Region.
1998
Nepal (NCF/N) was elected for the post of Vice-Chairman of the Agriculture Committee for ICA, Asia and the Pacific Region.
1997
Initiative taken by NCF for observance of International Cooperative Day.
Reception of the membership from the International Cooperative Alliance (ICA).
1994
Publication of "Sahakari Sandesh" (Co-operative Message).
1993
Formation of a large number of Single-purpose Cooperatives such as Consumers Cooperatives, Milk Producers Cooperatives, Saving and Credit Cooperatives throughout the country.
Establishment of Central Milk Producers Cooperative Union.
Establishment of Central Consumer Cooperative Union.
Establishment of National Cooperative Federation
Nationwide election of cooperative societies/unions.
Dissolution of Regional Cooperative Office
Enactment of Cooperative Society Rules, 1993.
1992
Conversion of Sajha Development Section into District Cooperative Office.
Conversion of Regional Sajha Development Office into Regional Cooperative Office
Conversion of Sajha Development Training Center into CTC.
Conversion of Sajha Development Department into DOC.
Formation of District Cooperative Implementation Committee and an interim steering committee for continuation of cooperatives until January,1992
Enactment of Cooperative Act, 1992.
1991
Formation of a 11-member National Cooperative Development Board for the preparation of policy based norms, organizational structure its mobilization system, activities of cooperative movement for the preparation of necessary rules, bye-laws and other infrastructure in order to establish organizations from village level to central level.
Dissolution of Sajha Central Office
Formation of a seven-member National Cooperative Federation Consultative Committee for submitting its opinion in order to strengthen the Sajha campaign and make it effective. The report presented by the Committee.
1990
Formation of an ad hoc committee for National Sajha Cooperative
CooperativeRemittance was announced by Government of Nepal up to the interest and compensation exceeding the principle amount in case of a full payment of principal paid by debtors within July, 1991.
1988
Announcement of compulsory savings to be refunded to the depositors
1987
Sajha Development Department was transferred to the Ministry of Agriculture
Formation of a 17-member 'High Level Central Coordination Commission for making the Sajha campaign more strong and effective
1986
Announcement of Sajha Sanstha Rules, 1986
1985
Conversion of the Cooperative Section into Sajha Development Section
Conversion of the Regional Cooperative Office into Regional Sajha Development Office
Conversion of Cooperative Training Center into Sajha Development Training Center
Conversion of DOC into Sajha Development Department
1995
Distribution of Rs. 31.8 million to the old cooperative employees by NCF as benefits received from Government of Nepal for only one time.
1984
Enactment of Sajha Society Act, 1984, for making the cooperative development campaign effective
1980
Special focus on co-operative system in the Constitution of Nepal.
Introduction of Sajha Society Financial and Administrative Regulation, 1980
Implementation of Small Farmer Cooperatives
1978
More emphasis on the qualitative growth of Sajha Societies than on quantitative growth
Introduction of Sajha Society Financial and Administrative Regulation, 1978
Transfer of Sajha Societies' Management handled by ADB to the managing committee of cooperatives.
1977
Introduction of Sajha Society Administrative and Financial Regulation, 1977
1976
Compulsory Savings was converted into the share capital of Sajha Society
The second amendment of Cooperative Society Rules, 1961
Implementation of Sajha Programme emphasizing Sajha in a wider scale
Integration of Population Education with Sajha
1973
Implementation of Cooperative Education Programme regularly
1971
The first amendment of Cooperative Societies Rules, 1961
1970
Transfer of management of Cooperatives to ADB.
Establishment of District Cooperative Strengthening Committee.
Establishment of Central Cooperative Strengthening Committee.
Introduction of Cooperative Strengthening Programme.
The second amendment of the Cooperative Society Act, 1959.
1969
Introduction of guided cooperative programme emphasizing qualitative growth through reorganization and amalgamation.
Return of Cooperative promotional and strengthening of activities undertaken by the Department of Land Reform to DOC
Credit and Marketing Cooperative Union was converted into District Cooperative Union
Compulsory Saving for the first time converted into shares in Bhaktapur
Implementation of the Coordinated Agricultural Development Programme
DOC was kept under the control of the Ministry of Land Reform.
1968
Transfer of administrative and developmental works being carried out by DOC to the Department of Land Reforms.
1967
Conversion of Cooperative Bank into Agricultural Development Bank (ADB)
Emphasis on 'Sajha Management' in the 7th point in the Back to the Village National Campaign
Formation of Central Investigation Committee on cooperatives
1966
DOC was kept under the Ministry of Land Reforms, Agriculture and Food.
1964
Publication of "Sahakarita" (Cooperation).
Transfer of Staff members in Cooperative activities to the Land Reforms programme
Initiation of Supervised Credit System
Initiation of Agriculture Re-organization Programme
1963
Conversion of Rural Development Blocks into District Panchayat Cooperative section was kept under the District Panchayat
Establishment of Cooperative Bank
1962
DOC was transferred to the Ministry of Panchayat
Cooperative Bank Act, 1962, came into effective
Establishment of Credit and Marketing Cooperative Union.
Establishment of Cooperative Training Center
1961
Establishment of Sajha Society (Sajha Central Office)
Establishment of Cooperative Development Fund
The first amendment of Cooperative Society Act, 1959
Cooperative Society Rules, 1961, came into effect
1959
Cooperative Society Act, 1959, came into effect
DOC was kept under the Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Forestry
1958
The district level staff of DOC under the administrative control of Rural Development Block carried out cooperative activities.
1956
Credit Cooperative Society for the first time, was established in Chitwan District.
Promulgation of the Executive Order of Government of Nepal and recognition of cooperative society under it.
1954
Realizing need of cooperatives for the resettlement programme initiated for the flood-stricken people through Multipurpose Development Plan of Government of Nepal.
1953
Establishment of Department of Cooperatives (DOC) under the Ministry of Agriculture for Planning and Development
